Technology & Society

1. Introduction The evolution of mobile communication has historically been characterised by successive generations of technological innovation, each responding to emerging societal and industrial demands. While the first generation (1G) introduced analogue mobile voice services, the transition to second-generation (2G) systems enabled digital voice communication and text messaging. Third-generation (3G) networks extended mobile connectivity to […]

Imagine a day when every mobile tower around you stops working. The internet disappears. WhatsApp, mobile calls, GPS and social media all go silent. Yet one person in your neighbourhood continues talking effortlessly to people hundreds—or even thousands—of kilometres away using nothing more than a small radio, a battery and a simple wire antenna. That

Introduction: Every decade introduces a new set of technologies that promise to change the world. Governments formulate policies around them, investors pour billions into startups, and the media forecasts a future transformed by innovation. Yet, surprisingly often, these celebrated technologies fail to mature into the revolutionary forces they were expected to become. The history of